- Communication technologies are far from equivalent. A recent study comparing honesty across a range of different media revealed that people were twice likely to tell lies when using the phone than when communicating via e-mail. It had previously been assumed that people would be more inclined to fabricate the truth when using e-mail, due to the remoteness of the interaction making people more comfortable about deceiving others. On the contrary, it seems that anxiety over the accountability afforded by the recording of e-mail exchanges induces greater truthfulness. However, the research also noted that people are much more likely to be rude or insulting over e-mail, outweighing any benefits of increased honesty!
An implication of the study is that if telephone conversations are recorded and people are
aware of this fact, they are likely to be more truthful over the phone. （T）
People are unconcerned about the repercussion of e;mail untruths.（F）
It had been assumed that people would communicate more honestly when using e;mail than when using the telephone. （F）
2.There is often considerable scientific disagreement both about available reserves of natural resources and about the extent of environmental damage caused by particular pollutants. Even where the scientific evidence is incontrovertible. There may be political conflict, based on different vested interests, over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. Governments may, for example, refrain from introducing effective control if they fear these will adversely affect company profitability or jobs, even where the environmental cost of not introducing controls are considerable.
自然资源的可用储量和特定污染物造成的环境损害程度，往往存在相当大的科学性意见。 有许多科学，即使在科学证据是确凿无疑的。可能有政治冲突，根据不同的既得利益，在一定程度上，特别是环境控制上应该被接受的问题。 政府可能不采取有效的控制，例如，如果他们担心这些会带来不利影响公司的盈利能力或工作，即使不引入控制的环境成本是相当大的。
There is always scientific debate around the facts regarding the reserves of natural resources. （T）
Very rarely is there conflict over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. （F）
Parties with a vested interest are more influenced by politics than science when deciding whether to implement environmental controls. （C）
3、Whilst high visibility crime such as night-time drunken disturbance has increased, total urban and rural crime, both reported and unreported, has fallen over the last two years, yet people feel less safe, believing that the converse is the case. This fall in crime has coincided with a drop in the number of police officer on the street. A citizen’s fear of seems not to be a matter of reality at all; the visibility of law enforcement officials has a greater impact on their view of reality than hard facts.
同时 高度引人注目的犯罪，比如夜间醉酒滋事比率上升，市区和乡镇地区，已报道和未报道的总犯罪率在过去两年内都已经下降，但人们依然感觉不安全，觉得犯罪率不降反升。犯罪率的下降恰好遇上了街道上警察数量的削减。市民的担心看来没有必要；法律的执行力和透明度对大家的观点产生的影响要比事实更重要。
<br>削减警察的数量导致犯罪率下降
Reducing the number of police officer has led to a reduction in crime.（C）
Crime statistics support popular belief about the level of crime. （F）
<br>犯罪统计为犯罪程度的普遍观点提供支撑数据
People feel safer when there are more police on the street. （C）
4、There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern . Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.
在现代社会，没有什么任务比保证孩子的教育更困难的了。这不仅是学校，连老师的角色也已经在过去几十年内发生了认知上的巨大变化。 由于在师范学院被灌输的观点所影响，改良派知识分子接受了很多变革性的理念。青少年的无纪律性现在转移到了父母的无纪律性身上，很多父母都认为老师所反映的他们孩子的过失行为是对家长的一种羞辱，或者认为是老师心怀恶意的表现。对很多受人尊敬而且博学多识的男女教师本身而言，他们觉得引导学生端正行为，言传身教是很轻松的事情，但是另外一些人却试图对学生施加影响以达到他们的政治和理想主义目的。
一些教育系统的工作有自己的不成文的规则<br>改革派教师会试图对学生施加影响以达到他们自己的政治目的<br>一些报告学生行为不端的老师这样做是出于恶意而不是正当理由。
Some of those working in education have their own hidden agendas. （T）
Teacher with revolutionary ideas will attempt to influence their pupils for their own political
ends. （C）
Some teachers who report children of wrongdoing do so because of malice, rather than nay legitimate reason. （C）
5、 Last week, the competition commission outlined two packages to regulate the sale of extended product warranties, which provide repair/replacement for faulty goods beyond the manufacturer’s original guarantee. Whilst warranty sales are currently highly profitable, with some retailers attributing up to . of their profits to this income stream, they are also criticized for offering poor value for money due to obscure clauses, which restrict payment in many, but the most unlikely claim scenarios. The first package-to ban retailers selling a full warranty on the day of purchase was condemned by all as draconian-whilst the other, rather milder, option of forcing retailers to provide full information on warranty exclusions and an obligatory 60–day “cool-off” period for customers, received a more balanced hearing.
Because no one believes that the first option will ever be implemented, investors and analysts have focused more closely on the implication of the “milder” package. In a recent leaked research note, one analyst suggested that the implementation of the reform in the second package would place a staff-training burden on the retailer, which would lead to a significant increase in the cost of warranty sales, and a predicted 20% fall in actual sales.
“Cool-off” periods are not currently offered by companies selling product warranties. （C）
It is likely that neither package will be implemented. （C ）
Preventing retailers from selling warranties on the day of purchase of a product was felt to
be too severe a restriction.（T）
6 、All scientific knowledge is provisional. Everything that science knows, even the most mundane facts and long-established theories, is subject to re-examination as new information comes in. the latest data and ideas are scrutinized the most. Some recantations will be unavoidable, but this is not a weakness of science, but rather its strength. No endeavor rivals science in its incremental progress towards a more complete understanding of the observable universe.
所有的科学知识都具有暂时性。科学所了解的任何东西，即使是常识和建立很久的理论都会在有新信息后再检验。最新的资料和想法会受到最细致的检验。一些论调的改变是不可避免的，但这并不是科学的缺点，而是长处。在科学中有一个与其竞争的对手有助于对客观宇宙更好的理解。<br><br>科学在挑战那些看上去成立的理论的基础上增进认知。(错误)<br>即使有成就的话一些科学常识也不能被改变。(错误)<br>不能被观察到的的事物不能够成为科学领域的一部分。(正确)
Science improves understanding on the basis of leaving unchallenged those theories that appear to work.（ F）
Some facts in science cannot be challenged if any progress is to be made. （F）
That which is not observable cannot be part of the domain of science. （C）
7、The Statute on workplace safety requires that an employer should ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all full and part time employees, and also those not in direct employment who may be affected by acts or omissions at work. However, it is also the duty of employees to take reasonable care for their own health and safety and also that of other persons who may be affected by their acts or omissions at work, for example by complying with all notices on health and safety that are posted.
工作场合的安全条例要求雇主应该采取合理可行地措施以确保所有全职和兼职雇员的健康，安全和福利，也包括那些不直接受雇于雇主但可能被相关工作影响到的人。<br>但是，上述员工，含不直接受雇于公司的员工，也有义务为自身的安全和健康采取必要措施，例如遵守张贴出来的安全和健康告示。<br><br>如果工作场合中的来访者因为员工的疏忽而受伤，那么该员工可能负全责<br>雇主有责任保证其工厂参观者的安全<br>员工对工作场合的健康和安全不用负责任。
If a workplace visitor is hurt due to an act of negligence by an employee then the employee may be held solely responsible. （F）
An employer has responsibility for the safety of visitors to his factory. （T）
Employees have negligible responsibility for workplace health and safety. （F）
8、Today’s historians aim to construct a record of human activities and to use this record to achieve a more profound understanding of humanity. This conception of their task is quite recent, dating from the development from 18th and early 19th centuries of scientific history, and cultivated largely by professional historians who adopted the assumption that the study of natural, inevitable human activity. Before the late 18th century, history was taught in virtually no schools, and it did not attempt to provide an interpretation of human life as a whole. This is more appropriately the function of religion, of philosophy, or even perhaps of poetry.
现今的历史学家旨在通过构造出一个人类活动的记录并使用这个记录来获得对于人类更深刻的理解。他们这个任务的设想是近代才有的，可以追溯到18世纪和19世纪初科学历史的发展，并在很大程度上是被那些接受对天生的，不可避免的人类活动的研究假设的职业历史学家们培养出来的。在18世纪末期之前，几乎没有哪所学校教历史，而历史总的来说也并未试图对人类生活做出解释。它更恰当的功能同宗教，哲学，甚至可能是诗歌的功能较为相近。
That which constitutes the study of history has changed over time. （C）
Professional historians did not exist before 18th century.（C）
In the 17th century, history would not have been thought of as a way of understanding humanity. （T）
9 、Whilst having similar effects on employees, there tend to be major difference between a merger and an acquisition. In an acquisition, power is substantially assumed by the new parent company. Change is often swift and brutal as the acquirer imposes its own control systems and financial restraints. Parties to a merger are likely to be evenly matched in terms of size, and the power and cultural dynamics of the combination are more ambiguous, integration is a more drawn out process. During an acquisition, there is often more overt conflict and resistance and a sense of powerlessness. In mergers, because of the prolonged period between the initial announcement and full integration, uncertainty and anxiety continue for a much longer time as the organization remains in a state of limbo.
合并和收购有着较大的差异，但是对员工都有着相似的影响。对于收购来说，公司的权利基本上在总公司手里掌控着。当收购者在被收购公司强行推行他的管理模式和实施金融约束，被收购公司通常会发生迅速而残忍的改变。合并的公司在规模或事能力上可能都是相当的，所以企业在合并过程中文化的动态会显得比较模糊。企业内部的整合会花费较长的时间。在收购的过程中，经常会出现较明显的争端和阻力，以及无力的感觉。在合并的过程中，由于最初的声明到最终的整合需要很长的时间，在企业处于不安定状态时，员工的不确定性心理和焦虑感也会持续较长的时间。
There tends to be a major power difference between parties in an acquisition. （T ）
Mergers and acquisition tend to have distinctly different impacts on employees. （C）
Mergers yield a shorter period of anxiety and uncertainty amongst employees.（F）
10、 Management is, in effect, the catalyst that is essential for converting the resources and raw material inputs of the operation into valued outputs and, in the process, ensuring that stakeholder needs are satisfied. Managers represent the critical factor, which economists refer to as “enterprise”, without which the other factors (land, labor and capital) cannot function. Managers are effectively the custodians of the organization’s resource, responsible for deciding what the resources should be used for, how best to use them, and to which
customers the outputs should be targeted.
实际上，管理是企业加工过程必不可少的催化剂，它将运作的资源及原料投入，再为企业产出价值，并满足利益相关者的需求。管理者，也就是经济学家所说的“企业家”，则是关键因素, 没有他，其他因素（土地，劳力，资金)就无法运作。管理者是集体资源的有效管理员，负责资源的使用方向，使用效率，以及产出价值要针对的目标客户。<br><br>通过创造产出价值，利益相关者的需求得到了最大程度的满足。（错误）<br>管理担负着至少两种不同的责任。（正确）<br>管理者必须能决定资源的最大使用效率。（正确）
Stakeholder needs are best served through the creation of valued outputs. (C)
Management has at least two major but different responsibilities.（T）
Managers must decide how best to handle all the resources at their disposal. （T）
11 、There is no doubt that vegetarian food can be healthier than a traditional diet – indeed, research has demonstrated that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease and obesity than those who eat meat. One long-standing concern about a vegetarian lifestyle is the risk of failing to take in enough protein. However, historical calculations as to the amount of protein needed for a healthy lifestyle have recently been shown to overestimate the quantities needed, and if vegetarian select their food carefully they should be able to meet their protein needs.
毫无疑问，素食比传统的饮食更加健康——研究的确证明了素食主义者罹患心脏疾病和肥胖的可能性比那些食肉的人要小。一个存在已久的担忧是，素食主义的生活方式存在无法摄入足够多的蛋白质的风险。然而基于历史事实，对健康生活方式所需的蛋白质量进行的计算，近期表明高估了需求量，而且，如果素食主义者认真选择食物，他们的蛋白质需求应该可以满足。<br><br>均衡的饮食更可能是为了加强健康，而非某些食物或被孤立的食物结构。（C）<br>饮食中太多的蛋白质会导致心脏疾病。（C）<br>随着时间的推移，对组成健康均衡饮食的食物建议以及发生了变化。（C）
A balanced diet is more likely to promote health than any particular food or food group in isolation. （C）
Too much protein in the diet can lead to heart disease. （C）
Over time the recommendations as to what constitutes a healthy balanced diet have changed. （C）
12 、Water, the most common liquid used for cleaning, has a property called surface tension. Molecules in the body of the water are surrounded by other molecules, but at the surface a “tension” is created as molecules are only surrounded by other molecules on the waterside. This tension inhibits the cleaning process, as it slows the wetting of surface due to tension causing the water to bead up. This is where water droplets hold their shape and do not spread. For effective cleaning to take place “surface tension” must be reduced so that water can spread. Surface active agents, or surfactants, are chemicals, which are able to do this effectively.
水是最常见的清洗用液体，具备一种叫表面张力的属性。水体里的分子被其它分子包围。由于水中的分子周围只有分子，在水体表面表产生了一种张力。由于张力会导致水珠的产生，这种张力会减缓表面浸湿的速度，进而抑制清洁过程。这就是为什么水珠会保持形状而不扩散开。为了有效清洗物品，必须减弱表面张力，让水可以散开。表面活性介质，也称表面活性剂，就是起这个作用的化学物质。<br>表面活性介质或表面活性剂只用于清洁。（C）<br>水是唯一已知的清洁用液体。（F）<br>为了清洁表面，把表面活性化学物质添加到水中后，就产生了表面张力。（F）<br>水分子阻碍清洁过程。（T）
Surface-active agents, or surfactants, are only used for cleaning. （C）
Water is the only known liquid used for cleaning.（F）
If surfactant chemicals are added to water when cleaning a surface, surface tension will occur. （F）
The molecules on the waterside hinder the cleaning process. （F）
13 、The biggest risk facing the world’s insurance companies is possibly the rapid change now taking place within their own ranks. Sluggish growth in core markets and intense price competition, coupled with shifting patterns of customer demand and the rising cost of losses, are threatening to overwhelm those too slow to react.
全球保险公司面对的最大风险可能是他们行业内部排名正在发生的迅速变化。核心市场业务增长缓慢、价格竞争激烈、加上顾客需求模式不断变化，以及亏损成本的增加，均对那些反应缓慢的公司构成威胁。
Insurance companies are experiencing a boom in their core markets. （F）
Insurance companies are competing to provide best prices to customers. （C）
Insurance companies are coping well with increased price competition and rising losses.（F）
14 、Short-sightedness is to a large extent inherited, its incidence varies from one family to another. The reason behind the link between the common incidence of short-sightedness and high intelligence is unclear. Previous generations thought that eyes could become strained by years spent poring over books, but a few decades ago the popular medical view was that Short-sighted people gravitated towards the library because they found it hard to excel at sports. Recently there has been partial support for a theory that high intelligence and short-sightedness may, in fact, be part of a genetic package.
近视在很大程度上是遗传造成的，其发生率因家族而有所不同。近视与高智商之间相关性的背后原因仍不清楚。老一辈的人认为，常年阅读书本使眼睛疲劳，但是，近数十年流行的医学观点是，近视者之所以被图书馆所吸引，是因为他们发现自己很难在体育上取胜。最近，有一个新理论或部分人支持，就是高智商与近视其实可能来自同一组基因。
The genetic link between intelligence and short-sightedness has recently been disproven. （F）
People from all families stand at an equal chance of being short-sighted. （F）
Intelligence is to a large extent inherited. （C）
15 、The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow from the Big Bang, and weak as it may be today, these primeval microwaves hold valuable information about fundamental properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the brightness and polarization of the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma: that the discrepancies exist at all shows that the plasma was not perfectly uniform. The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect differences in the density of the primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic polarization reveals information about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the number of gravitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves and the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to
isolate them from foreground signals.
宇宙微波背景辐射是宇宙大爆炸的余晖。尽管这些原始微波现在很微弱，但它们为人们研究早期宇宙的基本属性提供了许多有价值的信息。宇宙微波背景的亮度和极化的细微差异，也即各向异性，为人们研究原始等离子体的性质提供了线索。所有宇宙微波背景的亮度和偏振都存在差异，说明等离子体不是完全一致的。宇宙微波背景亮度的差异揭示了原始等离子体的密度差异，而各向异性的偏振则揭示了早期宇宙的动态，比如物质运动和引力波的数量。然而，宇宙微波背景不是偏振微波的唯一来源。所以，必须在不同波段测量宇宙偏振，以便把它们从前景信号中剥离开。<br>宇宙微波背景的各向异性只显示原始等离子体不是一致的。（F）<br>必须在不同波段测量宇宙微波偏振，以便把前景和背景信号剥离开。（T）
The anisotropies of the CMB show solely that the primordial plasma was not uniform.（ F）
The polarization of cosmic microwaves is measured at different wavelength so as to separate the foreground from the background signals. （T）
Through studying the cosmological microwaves, one may learn about the forces of gravity in the early universe. （C）
16、Internet experts are warning of a new multitude of extremely dangerous computer viruses that have recently been causing devastation and could potentially cripple entire global computer systems. These viruses can replicate thousands of copies within hours and are capable of extirpating security software that, in turn, enables hackers to appropriate control of the machines. Criminal gangs can then establish bank accounts using stolen identities, sabotage a company’s computer system and extort money for its restoration, and sell computers that have been interfered with on the black market. Computer users are often advised to refrain from opening suspicious program attached to the emails and to continually update their security software.
网络专家发出警告称最近有一款新型多功能且极具破坏力的电脑病毒正在破坏我们的电脑系统，它甚至可能破坏全球的电脑系统。这些病毒可以破坏电脑里的安全软件，在几小时內复制电脑数据，反过来，也可以帮助黑客控制电脑。犯罪团伙还可以借此盗取银行账户帐号，破坏公司电脑系统运作，再以恢复系统的名字进行敲炸勒索，然后把电脑卖到黑市去。电脑用户通常被建议不要打开邮件里可疑的附件，然后经常要升级安全软件。
Internet experts are advising computer users to replace their software if they suspect it has been tampered with. （C）
17、 For most people, any reference to hypnosis brings to mind images of individuals involved in amusing, and often out of character, behavior. However, hypnosis is also a topic of scientific research. Research by scientists over the last few decades has revealed ways in which memory processes, and processes involved in pain perception can be changed using hypnosis. It has also been found that hypnotic suggestions can regulate activity in identifiable sections of the brain and can contribute to the effective management of cognitive conflict. Findings from several related brain imaging studies, for example, have suggested that people under hypnosis cab exhibit reduced level of brain activity in both visual area and the anterior
cingulate cortex. Disparate research has already established the role of these brain structures in the monitoring the cognitive conflict.
对大多数人来说，催眠给人的印象是使人丧失自主意愿，做出超乎寻常的行为。然而，催眠也是一项科学研究主题。近十几年来的研究揭示了人记忆的形成方式，通过催眠可以改变痛觉记忆的形成。同时研究还发现催眠暗示可控制大脑的认知区域的活动，对认知冲突形成有效管理。通过对相关的脑部图像进行研究，人们也有所发现，比如人脑在催眠状态下，视觉皮层和前扣带皮层的活动都减少了。不同的研究已经建立了脑结构在监督认知冲突中的作用
18 、Workers are becoming increasingly concerned about company relocation due to its association with employee distress and isolation, which can be caused by issues such as the management of property transitions and loss of community ties. Furthermore, moving home can put a strain on worker’s financial resources and close relationships, especially for those working parents who may feel guilty about moving children to new schools. Regardless of the disruption created, some individuals are very willing to relocate, due to the potential for enhanced career prospects and long;term financial stability.
雇员对公司搬迁新址愈加关注，因为财产交接管理和群体纽带的缺失，会导致员工产生困扰和孤立感。而且，随之而来的搬家，会使员工的经济来源和人脉关系受到限制，尤其是双职父母会因为把孩子转学到新学校而感到内疚。如果不考虑这些干扰因素，一些单身人士是很乐意搬家的，因为会有潜在的升职空间和长期的经济稳定性<br> <br>有些人会对搬家的后果产生内疚<br>公司搬迁比例上升<br>换工作带来的潜在收益被一些人认为值得承受其带来的痛苦和压力。
Some people may feel guilty about the consequences of relocating.（T）
Company relocation has increased. （C）
The potential benefits of job relocation are seen, by some, to be worth the associated distress and strain. （T）
19 、Political, economic and demographic developments are combining to increase the wealth of individuals leading economies. These individuals take a much more active role in managing their personal financial affairs and in determining how their assets should be invested for their long-term benefit. As a result, we are seeing the emergence of a new market, consisting of so-called “affluent individuals”. This structural trend is set to continue and will provide significant opportunities for financial services providers. This band of individuals has traditionally been dominated by old money inheritance, and this will remain a factor, but the rise of new affluent money is increasing as individuals benefit from higher salaries and compensation in the form of stock options. These new affluent individuals are also creating wealth as small business entrepreneurs.
在经济先进的国家，人们的财富随着政治、经济、人口的发展而增加。他们更加积极地管理其个人财务并决定他们的资产应如何进行投资以获取长期利益。这造就了一个新市场的出现，而这个市场是有一群被称为“小富翁”的个人组成。此结构趋势将持续下去并为理财服务行业提供极大商机。这一群人在传统上多是继承上一代的财富，这仍将是一个要素，但是，由于个人自更高的薪金及股份认购权形式的报酬组合中获得收益，新创富财产正在增加。这些小富翁阶层正以小企业家的身份创造财富。
Affluent individuals want to manage their own assets rather than use financial service providers. （C）
Individuals cannot become “affluent” through inheriting old money. （F）
Inherited old money will be completely replaced by new affluent money.（F）
20 、At the moment of GTC, like other European producers, is able to relieve at least some of its over-capacity by exporting, partly to Central America. A decade from now, that region will be largely self-sufficient and trade will be starting to flow the other way. However, for GTC investors, the company’s recent restructure could herald better times. The group’s lack of focus and lack;lustre returns have been much criticized of late.
20.在GTC的时候，一部分由欧洲生厂商出口到美国中部的产能过剩问题能够得到缓解。从现在起之后的十年里，这个地区将会很大程度上自给自足，并且其贸易形式也会变为另一种方式。然而对于GTC投资者来说，公司最近的重构可能意味着更好时代的来临。集团对于焦点和出彩点的匮乏一直很被批评。<br><br>美国中部在未来将要对欧洲出口更少（C F）<br>美国中部的生产商会在欧洲找到一个完美的市场（C）<br>重构会导致利润的增加（C）
Central America will, in the future, begin to export less to Europe. （F）
Central American producers will find a ready market for their products in Europe.（C）
Restructuring generally produces an increase in profitability. （C）
21、 The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.
未来十年农村社会面临的最大挑战便是农村经济日益脆弱。占据农村工作四分之一的农业正在下降。旅游业提供的工作岗位不超过农业的一半。但是，农村制造业在过去十年正在发展。尽管如此，农村地区每二十人中从事农村制造业的不足一人，而且还受到来自工业化地区公司的威胁。这些工业化地区的公司拥有大量有技术的劳工及更优良的运输网络。
Industries based in rural areas benefit from better transport links. （F）
Manufacturing provides the fewest jobs in the countryside. （C）
The manufacturing sector is likely to be the main source of employment for rural workers in the future. （C）
Industries based in rural areas suffer from poorer transport links.（T）
22 、In recent years, many issues have been considered when attempting to ameliorate the wellbeing of patients and the efficiency of hospital administration. Patients have often complained about endless waiting lists, low standards of cleanliness, poor hospital food, and unsatisfactory doctor-patient communication and now, according to an expert from a leading image consultancy, doctors’ dress codes and their general appearance must come under
close scrutiny. Of healthcare professionals have an unwashed appearance, dirty nails or unkempt hair, this exudes the impression of recklessness, wearing red reminds patients of blood, and power dressing is discouraged because patients may feel undermined and less relaxed. Although campaign groups approve of healthcare professionals leading by example with high standards of hygiene in hospitals, some individuals argue that this potential new image legislation is merely a case of jumping on the bandwagon of the current media trend for home and lifestyle makeovers.
22.在近些年里，在试图提高病人的幸福感和强化医院的管理的时候总是需要考虑的很多因素。病人经常抱怨无止尽的排队，不整洁的卫生环境，糟糕的医院食物和令人不满的医患交流，而现在根据某个一流的形象顾问专家所说，医生的着装规范和总体外形都要经过仔细的审查。医疗保健从业者如果有不清洁的外貌，很脏的指甲，或者蓬乱的头发，就会散发出一种轻率鲁莽的形象，穿红色衣服会让病人想到血液，也不鼓励显贵穿着，因为这会使病人感觉受到冲击和不够放松。尽管有很多运动组织都赞同医疗保健从业者应在医院里用高卫生标准来以身作则，但也有人认为这潜在的新形象法规不过是又一个对如今的媒体发展趋势和倡导改变生活方式的赶时髦的案例。有人认为如今倡导改变生活方式的媒体发展趋势是关心新法规形象的直接结果。（F）<br>新医疗法规表明，医疗保健从业者必须有干净的手指甲。（T）<br>对医疗保健从业者来说，穿蓝色的衣服比穿红色的要更受人喜欢。（C）
Individuals have argued that the current media trend for lifestyle makeover is direct result of the concern over the image of new legislations. （F）
New hospital legislation states that healthcare professionals must have clean fingernails. （C）
It is always preferable for healthcare professionals to wear blue instead of red. （C）
23 、One of the great paradoxes of entrepreneurship is that entrepreneurs must develop the capacity to engage the urgent with the emergent. Routine pressures force us to allow the urgent to dominate us, quarterly reports, market share, and tangible return on investment become paramount in this paradox, emergent (strategic) issues are often lost. The urgent presents itself in tangible shape and form, whereas the emergent is subtler in its appearance. Entrepreneurs need to pre;sense emergent reality, thus they require more than ordinary attentiveness. However, information consumes the attention of the recipient, and
urgent information is by nature more demanding of attention than emergent. Yet it is an awareness of the emergent that frequently distinguishes the successful leader, the individual who can see through the reactive demands of day;to;day urgency to act rapidly upon the emergent trends that, if capitalized upon, can ensure commercial triumph. One way of ensuring time to identify the emergent is to make time for reflective moments in work life in order to restore the quality of attentiveness and see through the fog of the immediate.
关于企业经营，最大的矛盾之一是企业家必须具备立足现在，放眼长远的能力。常规压力促使我们被眼前问题所左右，季度报告啦，市场份额啦，以及实际投资回报太过重要，以至于顾不上关注长远（战略性）问题。眼前问题是实实在在明摆着的，而长远问题还没出现呢。企业家需要能够预感长远问题的存在，这就需要他们具备比常人更高的注意力。然而，信息会消耗接受者的注意力。而且，眼前问题在性质上比长远问题更需要关注。然而，让一个成功的领袖脱颖而出的品质正是他对长远问题的关注。他可以越过日常事务的干扰，看到长远的发展趋势，如果抓住这些趋势，就可以保证商业上的成功。审时度势的一个方法是在工作中保留一些反省的时间，以便让注意力休养生息，看透眼前的迷雾。<br>捕捉长远发展趋势比处理当前问题容易。（F）<br>人们容易被眼前问题困住。（T）<br>为了处理眼前问题，人们容易放松对长远战略问题的关注。（T）
It is easier to spot an emergent trend than an urgent issue （ F）
The present tends to be governed by the immediate demands. （T）
It is easy to lose sight of the strategic issues given the demands that immediate issues make. （T）
24 、Some doctors claim that any information received from a patient during a medical consultation is subject ethically to absolute confidentiality and can in no circumstance be revealed without the patient’s permission. Without such a rule, they believe that patients would not supply all of the information needed to treat them. Most however, believe that their obligations to society override their obligations to their patients; for example, being prepared to report to the police a patient who persisted in driving, despite the existence of a condition that rendered them unsafe. One reason for such a conflict is that whilst courts recognize the confidentiality of exchange between lawyers and clients, this is not extended to doctor and patients.
一些医生称，受职业道德的约束，在会诊期间得到的病人信息是绝对保密且未经病人允许，任何情况下都绝对不允许对外泄露的。他们认为如果没有这个规定，病人不会向他们提供治疗所需的全部信息。但是大多数医生认为对社会负责远远比对病人负责来的重要。比如，即便向警察告发一个执意要开车的病人可能会让自己招致危险，但医生们还是会告发。造成这种冲突的原因是法庭只认可律师与其客户之间的机密性，而不认可医生与病人之间的。<br><br>医生会向警察告发存在安全隐患的病人<br><br>病人很少允许医生与比人讨论自己的病情<br><br>医生支持有关病人信息保密性的职业规定
A doctor would report to the police a patient who was a danger to others.（ C ）
Patients rarely give permission for a doctor to discuss their medical details with others.( C)
Doctors are in agreement about the ethics and practice of patient confidentiality. (F)
25、 Private airline companies have always been determined to operate a transport system that is safe for passengers, whilst still remaining competitively priced and commercially viable. However, a private sector business can only remain viable if it generates profits for its shareholders. Recent reports suggest that if all aircrafts were fitted with military derived Ground-to-air missile defense system, and at all airports there was infallible screening for weapons and explosives then the system would be much safer. However, totally effective screening would preclude all possibility of profit, and current systems are still very thorough, whilst also providing a good cost;benefit ratio.
25.私人航空公司总是在下决心要为乘客们运行一个安全的交通系统，同时又具有竞争力的价格和商业利益。然而，私营企业如果要为其股东们创造收益的话，往往只能剩下利益。最近的报告显示，如果所有的飞机都安装军用驱动的地对空导弹防御系统，并且所有机场都具有万无一失的对枪支弹药的安检，那么这个系统就会安全得多。但是完全有效的安检只会阻断利益，而且现行的系统还是比较完善的，同时还能产生比较好的成本效益。<br>军用飞机比商用飞机更安全。（C）<br>已经能够获得比现行所使用的更有效的航空安全系统。（T）<br>现行的航空安全系统能够提供成本与利益的最佳组合。（C）
Military aircraft are safer than commercial craft. （C ）
More effective airline security systems than are currently in use are available. （T ）
Current airline security systems provide the best possible mix of cost against benefit. （C）
26 、Full employment is a concept, which is often referred to but seldom defined. Beveridge’s description comes close to what most economists understand by the term. In his view full employment means that “unemployment is reduced to short intervals of standing by, with the certainty that very soon one will be wanted in one’s old job again or will be wanted in a new job that is within one’s powers.” In other words, full employment does not mean zero unemployment, but allows for some measure of acceptable unemployment, for example,
“frictional” unemployment whilst changing jobs.
充分就业只是一个经常被提及却很少被定义的概念。贝弗里奇的描述更接近大多数经济学家对这个术语的理解。贝弗里奇认为，充分就业意味着“失业缩短了待业间隔，一个人必然会因其能力被原来的工作再次需要或被一份新的工作所需要。换言之，充分就业并不意味着完全失业，而是考虑到某些可接受的失业措施。比如，“摩擦性”失业同时改变了职业。<br><br>充分就业有多种定义（错误）<br>一些经济学家并不理解贝弗里奇所说的充分就业（错误）<br>贝弗里奇认为，充分就业包含了失业人员一定会很快重回工作岗位的观点（正确）
Definitions of full employment are abundant. （F）
Some economists do not understand full employment in Beveridge’s terms.（C）
In B’s view, full employment incorporates those unemployed people who are certain to regain work very shortly.（T）
27、 The typical share-save scheme is a regular savings plan that gives employees the opportunity to purchase shares in 3.5 or 7 years time, should they choose to exercise the purchase option, at a discounted price fixed before the saving period starts. In addition to potential financial gains, the employee also has the opportunity to participate in future company development through the acquisition of shares. The employee does not have to pay income tax on any gains made on the exercise of the option to buy shares, though there may be a liability to capital gains tax if the shares are sold and the resulting gains cause that particular employee’s level of capital gains liability to exceed the annual exempt amount.
分红是一种常规的储蓄计划，员工有机会在3.5到7年内购买股份。他们可以在储蓄周期开始之前以固定的折扣价行使购买权。除了潜在的经济收益外，员工也可以有机会通过认购股份参与公司未来的发展。员工购买的股份获得的任何收益都不用交个人所得税，不过如果某个员工的股份出售产生的收益水平超过了年度免税金额，这部分收益可能需要交资本增值税。<br><br>员工经常在储蓄期满以后选择出售股份<br>参与分红的话，员工不会自动付资本增值税。<br>个人出售股份不会产生可能的税收。
Employees usually exercise the option to sell their shares at the end of the saving period. （C）
Employees do not automatically have to pay Capital Gains Tax as a consequence of participating in share;save scheme. （T）
Individuals who sell shares generate no potential tax liability.（F）
28、Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers – the only kind of staff monitoring not subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts, even if it is manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act – employees need to be told about monitoring takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure, and affected staffs have the right to see information related to them. Whilst a person’s consent is not required, he or she must be consulted about the processing of personal information (monitoring data is construed as “personal”), and monitoring practices must not
cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without consultation may be used, but only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is suspected of dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e.g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected; any other information must be disregarded.
28对员工的监督对经理们来说是个特别的问题-只有一种对员工的监督不受法律管制，那就是一对一的监督。一旦任何记录开始，即便是手工操作的，监督也受数据保护法约束-雇员需要被告知为何要监督，以及监督的原因。收集的信息必须保持安全，并且牵涉的员工有权查看和他们相关的信息。同时并不需要个人同意，要向他（或她）征询个人信息（监督信息需被创建为“个人的”），且监督行为不可引起不必要的压力。然而，不加询问的隐蔽监督也是可行的，但仅在情节特别严重的情况下可行，比如，当一个员工被控失信时。这这种情况下，隐蔽监控（比如，隐藏摄像机）必须在目标区域内进行，并且在不诚信的行为可能发生的时间里进行。任何其他的信息都必须被忽略。<br><br>当监督员工时，不可能避开数据保护法令。<br>经理们发现判断隐蔽监控步骤的启用很难。<br>在有监控范围内的任何在大楼里的雇员都可以看到全部的信息。
It is not possible to avoid the Data Protection Act when monitoring staff.（ F）
Managers find it difficult to justify the use of covert monitoring procedures.（ C）
Any employee in a building where monitoring is taking place may see all of the information
collected. （F）
29 、Without exception, living non-human primates habitually more around on all fours, or quadrupedally, when they are on the ground. Scientists generally assume therefore that the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees (our closest living relative) was also a quadrupted. Exactly when the last common ancestor lived is unknown, but clear indications of bipedalism, the trait that distinguishes ancient humans from other apes, are evident in the oldest known species of Australopithecus, which lived in Africa roughly four millions years ago.
29毫无例外，非人灵长类动物在陆地上更习惯使用四肢前行。科学家们常因此推测人类和大猩猩（现存的和我们最接近的亲缘动物）最后的共同祖先也是一种四足动物。这种最后的共同祖先是否确实还存活不得而知，但用两足运动的确凿指示，该特点将古代人类同猿类区分开来，这种特点在南猿这种最古老的已知物种中尤为明显，而南猿大约在四百万年前生活在非洲。<br><br>用两足运动的猿类比用四足运动的猿类更具进化上的优势（C）<br>用两足运动是将古代人类和南猿区分开来的最大特点。（F）<br>南猿同大猩猩一样同古代人类相近。（F）
Bipedal apes are more evolutionarily advantaged than quadrupedal ones. （C/ ）
Bipedalism is the main trait that distinguishes ancient humans from Australopithecus. （F）
Australopithecus is as closely related to ancient man as to the chimpanzee.（ F）
30、 A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. The program’s success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male and female language use. Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about relationships. Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that identify or determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more). These differing styles have previously been called “involved” and “informational”, respectively.
The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the most prevalent fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non;fiction. The algorithm can now be focused on new bodies of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female writers are much the same as those that, even more clearly, differentiate non fiction;and fiction. The program can tell these two genres apart with 98% accuracy.
Stereotypes are generally based on fact. （C）
Women are more likely than men to adopt an “informational” style of written communication. （F）
The program is more accurate at identifying the gender of the writer then the fiction or non;fiction content of the passage.（F）
31 、Sandford Group’s first end of year announcement since the takeover of SPX Inc placed much emphasis on the period of extreme transformation and development undergone by the company. Emphasis was placed on the admirable way that its employees had steered the company through a turbulent six months, and subsequent benefits that were being reaped, such as a steady growth of the Sandford brands in the marketplace. Whilst recognizing that the takeover had been undertaken as a way of increasing market share, rather than
improving efficiency, the announcement made much of the substantial yet somewhat unintended cost reductions that had taken place. This was explained by the swift introduction of SPX’s computer systems which permitted a Group headcount cut and also the subletting of surplus office space.
Sandford集团收购SPX Inc公司后的第一个年终报告着重介绍了该公司在此期间的巨大转变和发展，着重介绍了该公司的员工如何在过去动荡的六个月与公司并肩奋斗，以及随之产生的效益，如Sandford品牌在市场上的稳定增长。报告承认这次收购是以增加市场份额，而不是提高效率，的方式进行的，也承认了计划外的大量成本削减确实存在。这是源于SPX电脑系统的引进而导致的裁员以及多余办公区域的租金收入。<br>Sandford收购SPX后的日子过得很不顺。（T)(六个月)<br>收购为公司赢得了超过预期的收益。（T）<br>Sandford品牌收购前的表现很差。（C）
The time since takeover has not always been easy for Sandford. （T）(six!months)
The takeover achieved more for the company than was initially planned. （T）
The performance of the Sandford brands was poor prior to the takeover。（C）
32 Total stocks of most minerals in the earth’s crust are still large in relation to the current rates of use, and a high proportion of the minerals that are consumed in the production process could, in principle, be recycled. The technological and financial constraints on recycling such concentrations of minerals are considerable, however, and there is no guarantee that these constraints could be overcome. Substitution of abundant for scarce resources would avoid the problem, but such substitution is not always technologically feasible.
尽管开采量惊人，大多数矿物的地表储量依然很丰富，并且生产过程中消耗的很大一部分矿物在原则上都可以回收利用。回收利用这部分矿物有很多技术和经济上的难题，而且这些难题不是很好解决。使用富余资源替代稀有资源可以避免这些问题，但这种替代技术上不总是可行的。<br>回收和利用任何矿物的技术难题都很大。（F）<br>大多数生产过程中消耗的矿物可以节约回收利用。（C）<br>认为使用富余资源替代稀有资源总会产生无法克服的技术难题的这种想法是不对的。
The technical constraints of recovering any mineral are considerable. （F）
Most of the minerals consumed in the production process can be economically recycled. （C）
It is wrong to assume that the substitution of abundant for scarce resources will create insurmountable technical problems on every occasion. （T）
33、 The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many of the original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to reduce the pressure of compliance on organizations. Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors
in favor of the introduction of a recommendations;based approach, which does not set specific standards of behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between company directors, who generally support the changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule avoidance, and other shareholder groups who believe that a best practice approach lacks teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.
33对企业管治有争议的新规已被重新评估，并在颁布之前进行了很大程度的修改。因为收到来自于企业主管们的压力，很多原先的提议已被废除，其他一些的也被稀释，来减小服从组织的压力。总的来说，修改导致有利于建议引入来限制企业行为的法规被移除，根据该方法，这无法设定明确的行为准则。这些修改凸显了企业主管层和股东们之间的意见分歧，通常企业主管们总的来说都支持重要的修改来回避规则规避文化，而股东群体一般坚信最佳的实践方案缺乏监管且无法导致更有影响力的董事会问责。<br><br>根据修改，现行的准则在企业管理途径方面更有前景。<br>企业管理者和虎股东们都同意需要做些事来加强企业管理过程。<br>制度规避文化导致了董事会问责力的减小。
Following the revision, the code is now much more prescriptive in its approach to corporate governance.（F ）
Company directors and shareholders are in agreement that something has to be done to improve processes of corporate governance.（ F）
A culture of rule avoidance leads to less board accountability. （C）
34 、The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a
lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.
将经营地点选在富人区对于由慈善团体/机构经营的商店来说是极为有利的，因为这样可以增加人们源源不断地捐赠高价商品的概率。不过富人区高昂的租金也抵消了这样的优势。对于商店来说，最为重要的是一群一心一意尽职尽责的志愿工作者。为了促进店面经济繁荣，他们会及时将赠品分类上架，以保证客人能快速买到商品。志愿者和员工们需严防小偷。由于缺乏安全摄像头和产品条形码，小偷很容易偷走店里的商品。<br><br>唯一能影响慈善团体/机构是否能经营好商店的因素是店面的选址问题。（错误）<br><br>如果慈善团体/机构经营的商店里没有安全摄像头货产品条形码，商品极易被扒手偷走。（正确）<br><br>富人区的慈善商店员工比非富人区的慈善商店员工要更尽职尽责。（C）
The only factor affecting the financial success of a shop operated by a charity is its location. （F）
Shops operated by charitable organizations are particularly vulnerable to shoplifter if there
are no security cameras or bar codes on items.（T ）
It is less likely that shops operated by charities which are situated in affluent neighborhoods will have volunteers who are more dedicated, than those in less wealthy neighborhoods. （C）
35 The prospect of accepting negative feedback about ourselves elicits conflict, as we need to assess the immediate emotional costs of negative information about ourselves against the long-term benefits of gaining useful feedback. Studies have confirmed what most managers seem to have known already, that the mood we in whilst receiving feedback often influences the relative weight people assign to emotional costs versus the informational benefits of receiving negative feedback. The studies that have been carried out have demonstrated that positive moods can function as a buffer and therefore enable people affected in this way to both accept, as well as better handle, the emotional costs of negative self-related information.
收到对自身的负面评价会引起一个矛盾，因为一方面我们当时对负面信息势必会产生的反感情绪，而另一方面获得对自己有用的反馈长远来看又大有裨益，要衡量这之间的利弊很重要。研究表明，很多管理者早已经知道这点，在传递负面信息给别人的时候，那人当时的情绪很重要，他是会更多地倾向于抵触和反感，还是偏向于接受这些有效信息带来的益处。在实施研究的过程中发现，当人处于积极情绪的时候，可以很好地缓冲，使人更好地接受和处理接收到的与自己相关的负面评价的信息。<br><br>当告诉员工关于他们工作表现的负面评价的时候，管理者越来越多地考虑到员工的情绪，<br>接受负面评价可以看做一种利弊权衡，短期和长期的损耗和益处<br>个人情绪不会影响到他所受到的评价是否会是负面的。
Managers are increasingly taking employees’ moods into consideration when providing them with negative feedback regarding their performance.（ C ）
Accepting negative feedback involves a trade;off between short;term and long;term costs and benefits. （T）
An individual’s mood will have no effect on how negative feedback is received.（F）
36 、Over the past decade there has been a steady growth in the holiday industry whilst the number of travel agencies has declined. This is due to the increasing number of customers who are booking their holidays online, because of a quicker and more financially viable service. However, specialist travel agencies, such as those focusing on particular regions or holiday activities, remain successful as they have an in;depth understanding of a region and
the customers who go there. The staffs are also multilingual, and thanks to their specialized knowledge they can provide good deals, meaning that their prices are often lower than non;specialist travel agents and online companies.
在过去的十年里，节假日产业有了稳定的增长，而旅行社的数量却在减少。这是因为有了一种更加便捷可行的在线支付服务，网上预订度假行程的旅客数量上升了。然而，专业的旅行社，比如那些主攻特色区域和假日体验活动，依然立于不败之地，因为他们对当地的区域和去那里旅游的客户群体有非常深入的了解。旅行社的员工也是各种语言的都有，多亏他们的专业知识，旅行社能够提供划算的交易，价格通常比同行中不那么专业的旅行社和网上的公司要低。<br><br>旅行社专业人员的知识可以为消费者省钱。<br>向旅行社预定假日行程并不总是更贵。<br>越来越多的人在网上预定假期而不是找旅行社，即使网上要花费更长的时间来找到合适的度假行程。
A travel agent’s specialist knowledge can be used to the financial benefit of the customer. （T ）
It is not always more expensive for the customer to book holidays with a travel agent. （T）
More people are booking their holidays online rather than through a travel agent, even though it takes longer to find the right holiday this way.（F）
37、Significant advances in float furnace design and operation, in the development of glass compositions, and in the glass forming process itself have all played a role in the optimization of glass manufacturing. For example, thermodynamic modeling assists with the enhancement of glass composition and offers control over devitrification characteristics, and studies examining burner design, to ensure flames have maximum luminosity and impinge on the glass at the correct angle, aid the minimization of fuel consumption. The exploitation of such advanced research allows glass manufacturers to reduce their expenditure on fuel, decrease their defect rates and produce glass of the highest quality, all of which are important if they are to retain their commercial standing and customer loyalty.
浮法玻璃熔窑设计和使用的重大改进，玻璃配料的发展，以及玻璃制作过程本身的改进，都在玻璃制造发展方面发挥了重要作用。例如，热力学动力模型有助于玻璃配料的改进，可以控制脱玻化特征，而燃烧器设计研究可以保证恰当的火焰亮度和火焰接触玻璃时的恰当角度，节约燃料。这些研究成果的应用可以帮助制造商降低燃料成本和残次品率，生产更高质量的玻璃，这对他们在市场上站稳脚跟和提升客户忠诚度意义重大。<br>浮法玻璃熔窑温度最高时，才能生产出最高质量的玻璃。（C）<br>玻璃熔窑火焰对玻璃制作过程中使用的燃料没有直接影响。（C）<br>保证火焰和玻璃在一个恰当的角度接触可以降低玻璃制作过程中的能源消耗。（T）
Glass of a higher quality is produced when the float furnace is at its maximum temperature. （C ）
The radiance of furnace flames has no direct impact on the amount of fuel used in
the glass;forming process. （F）
Ensuring the flames come into contact with the glass at a particular point can reduce the amount of energy required in the glass manufacturing process. （T ）
38 、Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and date management,
promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur;professional interaction, and collaboration.
业余科学家们一直以来都对天文学理论很感兴趣，专业天文学家也经常支持他们对这门学科所作的努力。确实，业余天文学者经常是最先发现新彗星或行星的人。但直到现在，不幸的是专业科学仪器大部分都还很贵，从精密程度到设备大小种种不一。据一些科学家称，新的较低廉的技术尤其是信息数据管理技术的广泛传播，可以极大地改变和帮助 业余与专业科学家之间的的互动和合作。<br>业余-专业合作将促进天文学的进步。过去，所有天文探索的科学设备都非常昂贵。<br>随着新的较低廉的技术传播，更多的业余科学家也可以与专业人员合作了。
Amateur-professional collaboration will contribute to the advancement of astronomy. （T）
In the past, all scientific equipment required for research in astronomy was very expensive. （F）
Following the spread of new, and cheaper technology, more amateur scientists are collaborating with professionals. T
39、 Scientists believe we are experiencing a dramatic change in the overall climate system, verified by the 10;15 cm rise in sea levels over the last 100 years and the increases in severe weather conditions. Although climate change occurs naturally, scientists believe human activities have led to increased carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations, leading to climate changes and, in turn, observed increases in sea levels, atmospheric temperatures, and erratic weather systems. This means that today’s climate shift differs dramatically from previous shifts in climates in both magnitude and rate. Scientific research suggests that advancing sea levels, rising temperatures and severe weather conditions caused by climate change will result in a host of negative consequences such as a threat to international trade patterns, an increase in the
movement of tropical disease, and an increased risk of forest fires and landslides.
科学家们相信我们正在经历全球气候系统上的一个巨大转变，在过去的一百年里海平面上涨了10-15厘米，而极端天气出现的情况越来越多。尽管气候本身会有自然变化，但科学家们相信人类活动产生越来越多的二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化氮的浓缩物，才是导致气候巨变的原因，反过来， 观测到的海平面上升，大气温度升高，天气系统的不稳定性增加，这些都意味着今天的气候变化幅度和速度都和之前的截然不同。 科学研究表明上涨的海平面，升高的温度和恶劣的天气条件都是有气候变化引起的，最终会导致许多负面影响，比如对国际贸易格局产生威胁，热带地区疾病的运动会加剧，以及森林火灾和山体滑坡的风险增加。<br><br>现在气候变化只有在速度上和之前的变化有不同之处。<br>人类现在经历的气候系统上的巨大变化是前所未有的<br>因为气候变化，人们更容易患上热带疾病。
Only the difference in velocity distinguishes current climates shifts from previous shifts.（F）
The enormity of alterations to our climate system has never been experienced by human beings before. （C）
People will catch more tropical disease due to climate change. （T）
40 、Human mortality, whilst consisting of unpredictable individual events, has a statistical regularity when averaged across a large group. This makes possible a whole host of products, of which the annuity is one. The price of an annuity paying a fixed regular income for life is based upon the statistical life expectancy of the purchaser at the time the annuity is to begin. The company selling the annuity will benefit from all those customers that die earlier than predicted, while customers are attracted by the prospect of guaranteed income for as long as they live. Annuities have the disadvantage that the capital invested is unrecoverable (i.e. upon the death of annuitant nothing is left for the heirs), but that fact also enables annuities to guarantee higher payments than could be obtained if the same sum of money were
invested at interest.
40人口死亡率同时由多个无法预测的个体死亡事件构成，但当对一个大群体进行平均统计时，它也有一定的统计学规律。这导致了大量结果的产生，养老保险就是其中之一。在养老保险缴纳者的养老保险开始发放之时到根据统计学寿命预计的年限为止，养老保险终身提供给缴纳者一次固定的收入。销售养老保险的企业将从那些比预期年限早死的顾客那里获得收益，同时顾客们被只要他们活着就保证能得到一笔收入的预期所吸引。养老保险的弊端是资金的投入是不可取回的（举例来说就是，一旦领养老保险者死亡，他的继承人将一无所得），但是该情况仍然使得如果在同样数额的钱在支付利息的条件下投入，领养老保险者将获得比购买数额更高的偿还数额。<br><br>一个购买了养老保险者的继承人会反对他们购买。（C）<br><br>本质上来说，养老保险购买者是在赌博，他们是否能够获得足够久以至于获得一份良好的投资回报。(T)<br><br>购买养老保险的回报和投钱到有息账户的收益是差不多的。（F）
The heirs of a person who buy an annuity tend to be against the purchase. （C）
Essentially, the purchaser of an annuity is gambling that they will live long enough to receive a good return on their investment. （T ）
Annuity returns are generally similar to returns from investing the money in an interest bearing accounts.（ F）
41 、In casual language, the terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. From a technical point of view there is an important difference. Theories provide a general framework, but because of the generality of the specification, a theory cannot be shown to be useful or useless until it is fully specified in the form of a model. A model, on the other hand, needs by definition to be formulated within the concepts, along with a set of assumptions about the concepts and their relationships. The appropriateness of a model must then be evaluated with respect to a particular set of test data. The evaluation may be done by conducting a suitably designed set of empirical investigations, by rational inspection of the model assumptions in relation to the test data, or ideally both. In the strict sense, all models provide incomplete representations of the data to which they to fitted. Therefore the meaningful question is not whether a model is correct or incorrect, but rather whether the model fits the data well enough to be useful in guiding the process. Statistical evidence and judgment play important roles in answering that question.
在不严格的语言中，理论和模型经常是互换使用的。从技术的角度看，有着重要的区别。理论提供一个总的框架的，但是由于规范的普遍性，一种理论不能表明有用或没用，只有以一个模型的形式全面规范后才可以。另一方面，模型需要通过定义在概念中明确地表达，配有一套与概念和它们的关系相关的假定。模型的适合性而后必须通过一套特殊的测试数据来评估。这种评估可以通过设计合理的一套实证调查来实施，通过对与测试数据相关的模型假定进行检查来实施，或者理想的条件下通过这两种方式共同实施。严格意义上讲，所有的模型提供不完整的与它们匹配的表现数据。因此有效问题不是模型的对错与否，而是模型是否完美地匹配数据，有效地指导程序。在回答这些问题方面，统计证据和判断扮演了重要的角色。<br>看一个模型的实际应用性比绝对的精确度更有意义。<br>大多数人不能理解理论和模型之间的区别。<br>模型可以在没有理论时存在。
It is more meaningful to look at the practical utility of a model than its absolute
veracity. T
Most people fail to understand the difference between a theory and a model. C!
A model can exist in the absence of a theory. F
42、 Financial fraud is a crime of growing significantly. In 2003, 8% of reported business-related crimes were fraud, averaging $35000 in losses. By 2005, whilst financial fraud was found to be the sixth-most frequent crime, it was the third-highest concern amongst business leaders. Researchers found that, globally, internet-based fraud was rising dramatically in 2005. The main reasons for fraud included poor supervision and lack of proper division of duties, inadequate control of access to system, and poor authorization controls. Internal detective measures uncovered less than half of the cases, with an increasing number of cases being discovered by accident. One third of the cases were committed by managerial;staff, while half were committed by non-managerial staff.
42.金融诈骗是一种呈现上升趋势的犯罪行为。在2003年，有8%被报道的商业相关的犯罪都是诈骗，平均造成了35000美元的损失。在2005年，金融诈骗被发现是六种最高频率的犯罪行为之一，它也是公司的领导者们最关心的三种犯罪行为。研究人员发现，全球性的，依托互联网的诈骗在2005年呈现出了难以置信的增长趋势。诈骗的主要原因是监管力度不够并且缺乏合适的责任分配，不充分的系统控制渠道并且缺少授权管控。网络探测手段覆盖案件不足一半，并且这些案件很多都是意外发现的，数量呈上升趋势。三分之一的案件都是由管理人员委托的，与此同时，一半的是由非管理人员委托的。<br>侦破方法在2005年就被有效运用了。（F）<br>2005年超过一半的诈骗案都是被意外发现的。（C）<br>公司管理者因为互联网的发展更关心金融诈骗了。（C）
Detective methods were operating very effectively in 2005.（ F）
Over half of all cases of fraud in 2005 were discovered by accident. （C ）
Business leaders are more concerned about financial fraud than before because of the growth of the Internet.（ C ）
43. A superficial consideration (表面上考虑) of biotechnology will commonly present an
impression of ethical neutrality（中立）. On the contrary, however, it is closely related to the
frequently conflicting values and aspirations（强烈的愿望） of society. Genetically modified
food（转基因食品） is a particularly good example, presenting the potential to bear more
resilient and nutritious crops（弹性有营养的作物）, and thus contribute to the fight against
world hunger, while simultaneously raising concerns regarding its long-term effects and
environmental ethics. It is this ethical and scientific controversy（争论）that ultimately led to the rejection(拒绝)of genetically modified food in Europe.
从专业层面考虑生物科技传达了道德中立的影像。相反，也频繁与社会观与强烈愿望相冲突。特别地，转基因食品是个很好的例子，展示了存在弹性营养作物的潜力，也因此有助于对抗世界饥饿问题，以及持续增长的有关长期影响的担忧和环境道德问题。正是道德科学的争论使转基因食品在欧洲被禁。<br><br>转基因食品可帮助国家对抗饥饿<br>有关转基因道德问题在一些国家被禁止<br>转基因食物风险高于益处<br>欧洲人更关心环境道德于其他社会体而言
² Genetically modified food could help nations to fight starvation.(T)
² The debate surrounding the ethics of genetically modified food contributed to its
rejection in some countries.(T)
² The risk genetically modified food outweighs the potential benefits.(C)
² The European population is more concerned with the environmental ethics of
genetically modified food than other societies.(C)
44、Organisations are encouraged to provide employees with flexible working opportunities through work-life balance strategies, and workers are increasingly attracted to organizations that offer such strategies. For employees, the opportunity to work and family life, workplace stress, and work overload. However, some senior managers are reluctant to fully support these initiatives due to the substantial（实质性） costs involved, which escalate（逐步升高） with staff numbers. Then again, the cost of implementing flexible working strategies can be Compensated（补偿） by a reduction in absenteeism and improvements in organizational commitment and employee motivation.
44.鼓励企业实行工作与生活平衡的策略，给员工提供弹性工作机会，员工便对实行这种制度的企业越来越有归属感。例如，弹性工作时间可以减少工作与家庭生活之间的冲突，工作地压力以及过劳工作。然而，由于不菲的花费，且员工越多成本越重，一些高层管理者不愿意全力支持这些动议。那么再说回来，减少旷工率、增加员工对企业的责任感和员工自我激励，可以补偿实行弹性工作时间政策的花费。<br><br>有可能提高的员工自我激励这一点，不是企业实行提高员工工作与生活平衡政策的原因。(F)<br>实行弹性工作时间政策的花费不决定于员工的人数。（F）<br>享有弹性工作时间的员工比那些没有的有更快乐的家庭生活。(C)
² A likely increase in employee motivation would not be a reason for an organization to
implement strategies aimed at improving employees’ work-life balance.(F)
² The cost of implementing flexible working strategies is not dependent on the number
of employees.(F)
² Employees who have flexible working hours will have happier home lives compared to
those who do not.(C)
45、Horticulturalists（园艺工作者） must take into account many factors when planning the reproduction（繁殖）of plants. Propagation（繁殖） by seed is the most common method employed as it is relatively easy and has a good expected rate of germination（发芽）, although this can drop if the seed has been packaged for more than a year. Many seeds can remain viable for up to 5 years if properly stored, as their protective coats prevent sprouting（发芽） until ideal growing conditions exist. External conditions can be manipulated（操纵） in order to bring seeds out or dormancy（休眠） and hasten（加速） germination. However, even in optimal conditions, some seeds are reluctant to
Sprout.
当计划种植植物的时候，园艺工作者需要考虑很多因素。由于相对简单，用种子繁殖是最常见的方法，而且预期发芽率也很好，但是如果种子已经被包装起来一年以上，发芽率就会降低。因为种子的保护膜会在遇到理想生长条件之前防止种子发芽，所以如果储存得当，很多种子可以保持活力多至5年。可以调节外部条件来使种子停止休眠，并且加速发芽。然而，即使在理想条件下，有些种子会不愿意发芽。<br><br>对外部因素的严格管理可以打破种子的休眠状态。T<br>大部分园艺工作者不愿意种植那些已经保存超过一年的种子。C<br>用种子种植植物是园丁们最常见的活动。T<br>如果在适当的环境条件下，所有种子都会发芽。F<br>进行植物的繁殖需要园艺工作者考虑很多方面。T<br>种子的发芽率在包装了一年之后有可能会降低。T
² The vigilant management of external factors can bring a seed out of its quiescent state.(T)
² Most horticulturalists are reluctant to plant seeds that have been preserved for more
than a year.(C)
² Reproducing plants by seed is the most common activity for gardeners.(C)
² All seeds will germinate, given the right environmental conditions.(F)
² The production of flora involves many aspects for horticulturalists to consider.(T)
² The rate at which seeds sprout can decline after the first year of being packaged.(T)
46、Increasingly psychotherapy（心理疗法） is being shown in relevant studies to be an effective form of treatment for mental disorders（心理失常） in its own right, despite frequent claims that evidence for its effectiveness in number of serious disorders is almost totally lacking. Moreover, studies have suggested that a combination of psychotherapy and appropriate medication may lead, in the case of at least some identifiable mental disorders, to significantly better outcomes compared to those in which medication is applied without the support of psychotherapy. This provides support for mental（心理） health professionals to consider psychotherapy when deciding on the treatment of patients suffering from mental disorders.
日益地，心理疗法展现在相关研究为有效的治疗心理失常的形式。在这种权利范围下，不管常见的评论，即在大量严重的失常的效用实证的完全缺失。更进一步，研究表明，以防一些可辨性心理失常,心理疗法结合适当的药物也许可以获取比那些没有心理疗法支持的药物的结果好更多。这为心理健康专家提供了为这些经历心理失常病人考虑的治疗方法。<br><br>与单独使用药物相比，有情况显示心理疗法和药物结合没有改善结果<br>不能得出心理疗法和药物在每种心理失常中都有效<br>心理疗法通常与药物结合，被心理健康专家越来越多地使用<br>除了与心理治疗结合，药物几乎在治疗心理失常上不起效果
² There are conditions for which the combination of psychotherapy and medication does
not improve the outcome in comparison to the use of medication alone.(C)
² It cannot be concluded that psychotherapy can be as effective as medication in the
treatment of every form of mental disorder.(T)
² Psychotherapy, often combined with medication, is used more and more by mental
health professionals.(C)
² Unless combined with psychotherapy, medication is rarely effective in the treatment
of mental disorders.(C)
47、With the rapid technological advancement today, bridges are becoming increasingly
more sophisticated（复杂精致）, and are spanning（横跨） significantly greater distances. Earthquakes, however, remain a potential threat to these immense（巨大） structures as they may do irreparable（不能挽回）and costly damage to an important bridge. As a bridge’s major vulnerability to earth movement lies in its supportive structures, a promising solution has been found to be a self-anchored（固定）suspension（暂停） bridge. This bridge design is one in which the pull of the cables is opposed（反对） by the push or the deck, thus elimination the supporting anchorages.
随着今天的科技发展和进步，桥梁变得更加复杂精致，一些桥梁能够横跨更广阔的距离。然而，地震依然是对这些巨型建筑物的潜在威胁，一旦发生地震，对重要桥梁造成的巨大损失是无法挽回的。桥梁无法抵抗地壳运动的破坏，主要是因为它的支撑结构。人们发现了一个比较有希望的解决方案，那就是做出自锚式悬索桥。这种桥梁设计是利用缆索的推拉的相反作用力，替代之前用来支撑的锚的作用。<br><br>消除支撑的锚只是作为一个提议来解决地震活动对桥梁的危害<br>自锚式悬索桥是为了应对地震威胁已经成型的解决方案<br>地震不可避免的会对桥梁结构造成损害<br>一个应对地震危害的可能的解决方法就是自锚式悬索桥，因为缆索的力和锚的作用力是相反的<br>因为今天的技术进步，现代桥梁的结构特征和之前建造的桥梁不同。
² The elimination of the anchorages has been a proposed solution to the threat of
damage caused by seismic activity.(T)
² The self-anchored suspension bridge is established solution to the threat of
earthquake damage(F)
² Earthquakes inevitably cause costly damage to the bridge’s structure. (F)
² A possible solution to the risk of earthquake damage is the self-anchored
suspension bridge as the forces of cables and the anchorages oppose each other.
(F)
² Modern bridges have different structural features to those built before the
technological advancement of today.(C)
48 Although there is no scientific support for the contention（争论） that the physical features observed in palm reading（手相） can enable someone to read a person's character, or divine（占卜） their future .the human hand does show evidence of the person's health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous habits. Examples of this include calluses（茧） or nail kiting. Hands are often examined in medical diagnosis and provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound the unsophisticated.
尽管看手相能解读人的性格或预测未来的说法没有科学依据，手确实能显示人的健康、卫生、职业和紧张习惯。例如手上的老茧和咬指甲。医生常常看手纹帮助诊断，而算命者利用手提供的线索让一般人目瞪口呆。
² Sophisticated people tend not to be very impressed by palm readers.(C)
² Features of a person's hand may provide clues to hislher job.(T)
² Hands do not reveal anything about someone's level of hygiene.(F)
49. An international protocol（协议） on climate change, ratified（批准） by the EU（欧盟）, Japan, Canada, and now Russia, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent（预防） the more serious ramifications（衍生） of global warming. Current attention is focused on the development of technologies that will give us low-cost renewable energy over the short and longer-term. This will provide the economic incentive（刺激） to replace fossil fuels in developed and developing countries, leading to a more pervasively（普遍） low-carbon economy. This is crucial（重要） if we are to slow the rate of climate change which can have devastating（毁灭） effects on the flora（植物）and fauna（动物） of our planet.
欧盟、日本、加拿大、俄罗斯批准了一项关于气候变化的国际协议，其目的在于减少温室气体排放及预防由全球气候变暖衍生的严重问题。目前的焦点问题在于技术的发展，可为我们提供应对短期或长期的低成本可再生能源，从而对发达国家及发展中国家提供经济刺激，替换原有的化石燃料，促使更加普遍的低碳经济。气候变暖会给我们这个星球上的动物、植物带来毁灭性的影响，如果我们能缓解这种变暖的速率，这对我们来说是至关重要的。<br>在这项气候变暖协议批准之前，人们不够关心／重视可再生能源（C）<br>气候变暖国际协议目前的重点在于加强研发低廉，含碳能源。（F）<br>全球气候变暖的结果对发展中国家影响超过发达国家。（C）<br>气候变暖可能对地球上的植物和动物有同样的不利影响。（C）
² Before the protocol for climate change was sanctioned, there was less interest in
renewable energy sources.(C)
² The current Focus of the international protocol on climate change is to enhance the
development of cheap. carbon-based energy sources.(F)
² The consequences of global warming are likely to affect developing countries more
than developed ones.(C)
² Climate change is likely to have an equally negative effe 比on plants and animals.(C)
50. For many years, manufacturing practices remained devoid（缺乏） of innovation. That is, until the mid-1990s, when trends in modern manufacturing created a virtual revolution. This was driven by economic survival, global competition and rapidly changing markets. These external forces led to the introduction of production methods such as just-in-time inventory control, advanced manufacturing technology, and integrated manufacturing systems. These practices meant that manufacturers could remain responsive to market conditions and produce items which met customers' needs .However, these new innovations have not necessarily meant that the quality and durability（耐久性） of products have improved.
50.多年来，生产行业都缺乏新意。直到90年代中期，在大趋势的影响下现代生产业迎来了实质性的改革。这是由于经济生存、全球竞争以及快速变革的市场引起的。这些外部力量导致了生产方式的引入，例如：即时库存控制、先进的生产技术以及集成生产系统。这些现实情况意味着生产者既可以响应市场环境还能针对客户需求生产商品。然而，这些革新并不必然意味着产品的质量和持久性已经提高了。<br><br>为了适应环境，全部的生产者都引入了新的生产方式（C）<br>引入即时库存控制是最好的响应市场需求的方式（C）<br>不引入现代生产方式的生产者将不会无意识的生产次品（C）
² All manufacturers have introduced new production practices to survive(C)
² Introducing just-in-time inventory control is the best way to remain responsive to
market demands.(C)
² Manufacturers who do not take up modern manufacturing methods will not
automatically produce inferior items.(C)
52 , Anxieties about air and water pollution. Desertification（沙漠化） and resource depletion（消耗） are nothing new. It is increasingly accepted that the human impact on the environment is Intensifying（加剧） compounded by population growth. The increasing pace of economic life and the spread of pollutants far beyond their places of origin. New scientific evidence- about global climate change, changes to ozone（臭氧） in the upper atmosphere and the reduction of biodiversity 一 contributes to the growing concern. In addition highly publicized（宣传） environmental disasters have led the public to conclude that the very license to operate conferred on stakeholders in business might be infringed（违反） by the environmental impact of corporate activities.
人们对空气污染及水污染、沙漠化和资源枯竭的焦虑不安已不是新闻。伴随人口增长、经济活动步伐加快以及污染物从法源寺的广泛扩散，人类对环境的影响正在加深，这一说法越来越为人们所接受。新的科学证据-关于全球气候变化、大气凑氧层的变化、以及生物多样性的减少-已不断增加人们的关注。此外，被广泛报道的环境灾难促使公众认为，商业活动对环境的影响可能违法授予股权持有人的经营权。
² New scientific evidence has merely confirmed what was already known.(F)
² Restricting pollutants to their place of origin makes no difference to the impact of
human activity on the environment.(F)
² Businesses that do not address their adverse impact on the environment run the risk
of recrimination.(T)
53, lack of water is an ever-worsening global crisis, with over forty percent of the world’s
population now suffering from regular and severe（严峻的） water shortage. Increases in population mean that there is less water available per capita. In addition, pollution-related global warming is making some countries, which were already short of water, even hotter and drier(干燥的). Demand for water is doubling every twenty year and there are predictions that, in the future, nations may go to war to fight for its control.
缺水是不断加深的全球危机，全球有逾百分之四十的人口遭受经常性及严重的用水短缺之苦。人口增加意味着人均可用水的减少。此外，因污染而引起的全球变暖使已经缺水的国家、地区更热及更加干旱。用水需求每二十年就会增长一倍。有预测说，将来各国会为水源的控制权而战争。
² Oil shortages, more than a lack of water, are likely to result in war. (C)
² Neither climate change nor population expansion are exacerbating(恶化) the water
shortage problem. (F)
² Some countries are not affected by global warning.(C)
54, Genuine altruism（真实的利他主义）, when defined as ‘selfless helping’, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive（难懂）, indeed paradoxical（矛盾）, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas others also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying（背后） altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that
altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive（努力） towards.
54.近些年来，被定义为“无私的帮助”的真实利他主义，已经被证实是一个最难懂，实际上也是一个很矛盾的概念。事实上，现在有些人只把它看作是一个从来没有存在过的理想。一个人怎么能够完全无私地帮助别人，而不期望任何形式的回报呢？有些人认为，帮助别人带来的愉悦本身就是一种回报，而另外一部分人也提到，由于没有帮助有需要的人而产生的不悦是利他行为背后真正的动机。真正的信仰者建议，基于“无私帮助”的利他主义还是我们要努力的方向。<br>a.现在我们可以说，利他行为也就是无私帮助，在过去被人们理解的更好。<br>b.目前，对于已经认知到的利他主义的动机还没有一致的说法。<br>c.帮助从来都不是真正无私的。<br>d.有些人不确定自己无私帮助别人的行为是不是真正的无私。
a) We can now say that altruistic behavior, that is selfless helping, used to be better
understood in the past.(C)
b) There is currently no consensus（一致） surrounding the true motives for perceived（认知）altruistic helping(T)
c) Helping is never genuinely（真诚） selfless.(C)
d) Some people may be unsure about whether their perceived selfless helping behavior is really selfless.(T)
55, In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of
significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior
management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers.
在很多企业里，中层管理人员的工作会很难，尤其发生重大变革的时期。当尽己所能执行高管们的变革时，他们也许会意识到，促进企业利益往往与自己的以及同事和下属的利益相冲突。这种现实情况有时会导致中层管理人员承受巨大的额外压力。针对这个问题，暂时没有有效的解决办法，而且，如果大部分企业的运作方式不马上作出相关的改变，我们很可能就会看到中层管理人员的缺勤率和流动率的提高。<br><br>a)在企业变革时期，利益冲突在中层管理人员之间很常见。<br>b)中层管理人员在必须执行上级变革措施，而这些变革又与自身利益相矛盾的时候，总是承受压力。<br>c)如果大部分企业很快对其运作方式作出相关的改变，那么，我们就有可能会看到中层管理人员的缺勤率和流动率的降低。<br>d)一些中层管理人员必须在干涉到自身利益的情况下运作。
a) Conflicts of interest are common for middle managers during periods of organizational
Change.(T)
b) Middle managers who realize that they have to implement changes that are imposed
upon them that are not in line with the own best interest, will always experience stress
as a result.(F)
c) If the way in which most organizations operate changes soon in some relevant way, it is
likely that we will see a decrease in absenteeism and turnover among middle managers.(T)
d) Some middle managers have to operate in ways that may interfere（干涉） with their own Interests.(T)
56, In general, the longer a customer stays with a company, the more that customer is worth.Long term customers buy more whilst costing less to service; they take up less of a company’s time and are less sensitive to price. They are also more likely to bring in other new customers.Senior managers usually gauge company performance on the basis of cash flow and profit. They rarely study the statistic that reflects how much real value the company is creating-customer retention（保留）
一般而言，顾客与公司保持业务往来的时间越长，该顾客的价值越大。长期顾客购买更多商品及服务，而同时所需的服务成本较低；它们占用公司的时间较少，对价格的敏感度也较低。他们还更有可能带来新顾客。高级经理通常按照现金流量及利润评估公司业绩。他们很少研究那些反映公司创造的真实价值的统计数据-客户保留率。.
a) Long-term business success depends mainly on customer retention. C
b) Senior managers pay due attention to customer retention. F
c) Long-term customers purchase fewer goods than newer customers. F
d) Raising prices will tend to affect new clients more than existing ones.T
57, The airline industry has always acknowledged first-aid（急救） training to be imperative（必要） for their staff, but with the ever increasing numbers of people to whom air travel is becoming accessible, airline staff will need to be even more alert and better equipped to deal with any medical emergency that may arise. Flight attendants（随员） must be able to identify the details and severity（严重） of the crisis, and administer first-aid calmly and effectively. To ensure that these requirements are met, regular first-aid courses and emergency procedure drills（训练） have become common practive in the majority
of airline companies. This on-going training has meant that airline staff can react with even
greater lucidity（清醒）, composure（镇静） and meticulousness（一丝不苟） than ever before.
航空业通常认为急救培训对他们的员工来说非常必要，但随着越来越多人，对他们来说航空旅途变得越来越容易，航空业从业人员需要更警觉，具备处理频发的医疗紧急状况的能力。航班随行人员必须能鉴别细节，和危机情况的严重程度，并冷静而有效地施以急救。为了确保能达到这些要求，常规的急救课程和紧急情况处理流程训练在大部分的航空公司中已成为广泛的践行。这种持续的培训意味着航空业从业人员可以比从前更清醒，镇静而一丝不苟地应对突发情况。<br><br>a) 越来越多的人需要来自航空工作人员的急救照顾。<br>b) 在过去，以乘飞机出行旅游不如现在那么方便可行。<br>c) 整个航空业已经对他们的员工进行常规的急救培训。<br>d)航空业将会从他们的航班随行人员的额外训练中受益颇多。<br>e) 常规急救培训让航空从业人员能更快地应对紧急情况。
a) An increasing amount of people need first-aid attention from airline staff. C
b) In the past, to fly was not as viable a means of travel as it is today. T
c) The entire airline industry has adopted the practice of regular first aid training for their
staff F
d) The airline industry will benefit a great deal from the additional training of their flight
staff. C
e) Regular first-aid training has equipped airline staff to react more quickly. C
58, A major concern is that globalisation contributes to poverty(贫困), inequality（不平等） and social Disintegration（瓦解） by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled labour and decreasing job security.This is because production of manufactured goods can be moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural resources – for examples, mining（矿业）, oil and gas, and tree plantations – have to make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of their business.
一个主要问题是全球化弱化了低水平劳动者议价的能力，降低了他们的工作的安全保障，从而加剧了贫困、不平等和社会动荡。这是因为产品制造业可以轻而易举地从一个国家转移到另一个国家，而工人因为能力所限，跨境迁徙没那么容易。然而，自然资源行业的企业，如采矿业、石油天然气和森林业，因为行业的不动属性，需要与从业者长期合作。
A) 跨国产业搬迁变得轻而易举导致贫困。F
B）高技术工人更容易跨境迁徙。C
C）自然资源行业的工作更有保障。T
D）自然资源行业的工作更没保障。F
a) The relative ease of relocating goods production across countries eases poverty. F
b) Skilled workers are less restricted in their ability to cross borders. C
c) Jobs are more secure in the natural resource sector. T
d) Jobs are less secure in the natural resource sector. F
59, The Company expect the new factory, its first in Asia, to begin production early next year, and aims to build 18,000 tractors during its first year of operation. Full capacity will be achieved about five years later, by which time annual output will be about 40,000 tractors, making it the company’s largest producer worldwide. The move to open such a large production site(生产现场) stemmed（起源于） from the availability of labour within the region, low production costs, positive inducements（诱因） by the government to encourage foreign investment, good communication and transport links, and increasing demand for tractors(拖拉机) locally.
公司预期其在亚洲的首间新厂房可于明年初开始投产，并实现在投产首年生产18000台拖拉机的目标。五年后达到最大生产能力，届时年产量约40000台，成为本公司全球最大的生产厂。建立该大型生产基地的原因是区内拥有劳动力资源、生产成本低、政府积极鼓励外商投资、通讯及网络运输良好，以及当地赌拖拉机的需求不断增长。
a) The number of tractors required locally is on the decrease. F
b) The company will sent most of the tractors it makes in its new plant locally. C
c) Communication likes were not an important in deciding where to locate the new
factory. F
d) Full production capacity will not be achieved after the first year of operation. T
e) Currently the company has no production facilities within Asia. T
60, Crude（天然） oil from regions around the Dead Sea was used as early as 1000 BC for ancient Egyptian Mummification（木乃伊化）, but it wasn’t until 1853 that the process of oil distillation（蒸馏） was discovered and we saw the advent（出现） of the modern history of oil. The first oil mine was constructed the following year.Oil quickly took over from coal（煤） as the world’s principal fuel in the mid-1950s. Oil is now used to run the vast majority of vehicles and is a key ingredient（原料） in many chemicals used in industry. However, concerns have been raised that as oil is a limited resource, its usage as an economically viable energy source will eventually come to an end. There is also worry that using and treating oil has major impacts upon the environment, like the carbon dioxide released when it is burnt and the contribution of this to global warming.
早在公元前1000年以前，古埃及人就开始使用死海地区的石油制作木乃伊，但直到1853年发明石油蒸馏法，才出现了现代历史上的石油。第一个油田在次年建立。在二十世纪五十年代中期，石油迅速取代煤，成为世界主要燃料。现在，大部分汽车都使用石油做燃料，许多工业化学品都是从石油中提取的。然而，石油资源有限，人们开始担心总有一天这种能源会枯竭。人们也担心，使用和处理石油会对环境产生不利影响，如石油燃烧时产生的二氧化碳导致全球变暖。<br>A)石油是唯一的能源。F<br>B）使用和处理石油可能对环境有害。T<br>C）古代就有石油蒸馏法。F
a) Oil is the only used as an energy source. F
b) The treatment and use of oil may be bad for the environment. T
c) The process of oil distillation was used in ancient times. F
61, Internet shoppers are at an increased risk of both fraud and theft due to a number of factors. Amongst them are both a decreased in a means of reliable identification and an increase in the use of websites for monetary（货币） transaction whether form online reservation（预约）, internet banking, or other type of business. This fraud is increasing in severity and frequency in areas such as false business websites, telesales and online shopping and is now a more serious problem than ever before. One solution to this problem would be to limit internet transactions to websites authorised by the banks.
由于一些因素，网购者遭遇诈骗和盗窃的风险越来越高。这些因素之中，既有可靠的身份证明方式的减少，也有货币交易网站的使用的增加，不管是否形成在线预约，网上银行或是其他的商业类型。在像虚假商业网站，电话销售和网上购物这样的地方这种诈骗的严重程度和频繁程度都在不断增加，并且现在已经成为了比以往都更加严重的问题。解决这个问题的一种方法是把网络交易限制在经过银行授权的网站里。<br>a)通过把网络交易限制为仅在通过银行授权的网站里，或许能看到网络诈骗的减少。T<br>b)网购者遭遇的诈骗和盗窃风险的增加完全是由于可靠的身份证明方式的减少和网上银行的使用量增加。F
a) By restricting internet transaction to only websites authorised by the banks, a decreased in internet fraud might be seen. T
b) The increased risk of fraud and theft to internet shoppers is wholly（全部） due to a decrease in a means of reliable identification and an increase in the used of internet for online banking. F
（）
62, A recent study investigating the effects of stress at work argues that stress management programs should be included in all organisational development polices as a key step in helping to fight absenteeism from work and work-related stress. The Confederation（联盟） of Work and Industry states that it is essential to counter work-related stress to beat higher absenteeism from jobs, and that most work stress arises from poor management. Stress management strategies are currently excluded （排除）from organisational development polices by many businesses, and smaller
companies are unlikely to allow organisational development in the area of stress management.
最近的一项调查工作压力的影响的研究提出，所有的公司管理与发展策略都应该把高压管理的影响考虑进去，因为它是和旷工率以及工作压力做斗争很关键的一步。工会联盟声明，克服工作压力的本质就是打击过高的旷工率 而最多的工作压力就是来自于管理不善。目前都是被很多行业都已经排除了高压管理法，而小公司则不可能允许公司在高压管理下继续发展。<br><br>几乎所有的行业公司都采用高压管理法<br>很多小企业不会准许可以旷工的政策施行。
a) Nearly all businesses incorporate stress management strategies in their policy. F
b) Many smaller business will not permit polices for absenteeism from work. C
（）
63, An ever- increasing amount of time is spent each year on staff assessment, and the benefits can be numerous. An appraisal（评估） can be informative, shedding light on areas of good performance;it can be constructive in that it can give employees an opportunity to consider areas for development within the job; and it can also be motivating by highlighting those skills, abilities and areas of knowledge that the individual has gained from the job. However, the frequency of appraisals is the focus of criticism by some people, who state that assessments do not take place at appropriate times, i.e. in time for an individual to address performance areas in time for a promotion, and therefore it is likely that half of the time spent on assessment is used Ineffectively.
每年花在职员评定上的时间都在增加，这样做的收益是很多的。评估是有益的，它能够阐明有良好表现的领域:由于能够给雇员提供考虑工作中可以发展的领域的机会，评估是具有建设性的;并且能通过强调每个人在工作中获得的技巧，能力和知识领域来激励人心。然而，评估的频率是被一些人批评的焦点，他们声称这些评估没有发生在适当的时间。也就是说，没有适时地在个人忙于表现的时候，没有适时地出现在升职的时候。因此，很有可能花在评估上的一半时间都是无效的。<br>a)评价员工的目的只是单纯地为了通知。F<br>b)员工评价是工作中最耗时的方面之一。C
a) The purpose of staff appraisals is purely to inform. F
b) Staff assessment is one of the greatest time consuming aspects of a job. C
64, Off-shoring（外包） has been adopted by banks and other financial organisations in the West since the 1989’s, but it is only in recent years that it has become popular in other industry sectors as its financial benefits over more local outsourcing（外包） have become recognised. Evidence indicates that off-shore(离岸的，国外的) workers have a lower incidence（发生率） of failure and cost less to employ than workers based locally. Off-shore workers need less financial rewards and become more competent（有能力） than local workers in a shorter space of time.
从1989年起，西方国家很多银行和其它金融机构都采用了外包服务，但仅仅是最近几年，其它行业领域才开始流行外包，因为外包服务的经济效益已经成为共识了。证据表明，比起本国，国外员工工作失误率更低，人工成本更低。在短期时间内，外包员工比本地员工所需要的报酬更少但更有能力。<br><br>外包服务最近几年才开始被采用。<br>在1989年，西方国家，银行机构主要采用外包服务来处理他们的业务
a) Off-shoring has only been adopted in recent years. F
b) In the west, off-shoring was the main method used for banking organisations
out-sourcing their work in the 1989’s. C
65, Since the number of societies actively promoting environmental awareness has escalated（升级） in recent years, the implementation（实现） of campaigns is leading to a corresponding（一致的） increase in involvement. However, survey data demonstrates that only one in twenty interested supporters bothers to（费心去） get involved with the society concerned. The inertia（惯性） typically reflects the belief that their contribution would be inconsequential（不重要）, and, to a lesser extent, uncertainty about the appropriate channels to use. The data also suggested that interested followers are likely to discuss their views with other individuals. While this is a valuable means of promoting
environmental awareness, it would be more beneficial to get involved with the societies
Themselves.
近年来，宣传提升环保意识的团体越来越多了，公众也因此开始更多地参与环保活动。然而，调查数据表明，二十个对环保感兴趣的人中，只有一个愿意亲身参与这些活动。人们习惯性地认为，他们的环保贡献不重要。并且，他们也不确定哪些环保措施真正有效。数据还显示，对环保感兴趣的人会和别人讨论他们的看法，而这对环保宣传十分重要。亲身参与环保社团活动更有利。<br>（A）不确定哪些环保措施真正有效是人们不参与环保活动的主要原因。 C<br>（B）现在所有对环保感兴趣的人都积极支持环保。C
a) Uncertainty over the appropriate channels to use is the main reason that supporters do
not get involved in the campaigns. F
b) Nowadays, almost all interested supporters get involved in the campaigns. F
（）
66, Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter（参数） in employee security, and compaigners were rewarded with key backing from worker’s unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial（工业） sectors, Culminating（达到顶点） in the creation of the Low pay commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability.
最低工资保障政策最初是在服务行业首先引入的，为的是降低对员工的剥削。这源于多项研究。研究表明，全国最低工资是影响员工职业安全感的一项重要参数，这也得到了工会的大力支持。这为在许多农业和工业领域进行雇佣关系改革提供了动力，尤其是最低工资委员会的建立。这对争取大公司集团的合作意义重大，而那些大公司集团之前对提高收入稳定性的呼声很抵触。<br>(A) 最低工资委员会在争取大公司集团支持方面起到了重要作用。C<br>（B）员工剥削是大多数工会最关注的问题。C<br>（C）最低工资委员会的创立是建立农业和工业领域最低工资保障制度的第一步。C
a) The Low Pay Commission has played an important part in obtaining support from large
companies. T
b) Employee exploitation is the key concern of most workers’ unions. C
c) The creation of the Low Pay Commission was the first step in the process of agricultural
and industrial minimum wage polices. F
最低工资保障政策最初是在服务行业首先引入的，为的是降低对员工的剥削。这源于多项研究。研究表明，全国最低工资是影响员工职业安全感的一项重要参数，这也得到了工会的大力支持。这为在许多农业和工业领域进行雇佣关系改革提供了动力，尤其是最低工资委员会的建立。这对争取大公司集团的合作意义重大，而那些大公司集团之前对提高收入稳定性的呼声很抵触。<br>(A) 最低工资委员会在争取大公司集团支持方面起到了重要作用。C<br>（B）员工剥削是大多数工会最关注的问题。C<br>（C）最低工资委员会的创立是建立农业和工业领域最低工资保障制度的第一步。C
67, Until 1995, the use of bicycles has remained virtually（几乎） static for many years. However, in recent years the number of people using bicycles has grown with increasing pressure from environmentalists, transport agencies and health officials. The trend has been to produce more fashionable bicycles in a variety of styles, lighter cycles, and more comfortable cycles. The diversity of models has increased enormously, though their general shape has not changed Radically（从根本上）.
a) There has been an increasing pressure from transport agencies to use bicycles. T
b) There is now a greater diversity of bicycles available than before 1995. T
到了1995年，自行车的使用率已经多年不振。然而近些年来，由于环保人士、交通部门和健康官员的不断施压，使用自行车代步的人们越来越多了。随着这股潮流的兴起，各种新潮的自行车，如更轻更舒适的自行车，开始大量出现。尽管款式越来越丰富，自行车的基本轮廓并没有变化。<br>（A）交通部门对人们不断施压，要求他们使用自行车。T<br>（B）现在自行车的款式比1995年以前多。T
（）
68, New documentation for unit trust investors is part of a push by regulators（监管者） to provide information and protection similar to that provided to buyers of life insurance and pension plans. They have also established a cooling-off period, during which the purchase of a unit trust can be cancelled without charge. This applies only when advice has been received, typically from an independent financial advisor. Purchases made directly, for example in response to advertising, are not covered.
对单位信托投资者的新政策文件是监管机构努力的一部分，目的是提供信息及保护，与提供给人寿保险及退休金计划购买者的信息及保护类似。他们还建立一个冷静期，在此期间，所购买的单位信托可免费撤销。这只是用于获得意见，尤其是来自独立理财顾问的意见时。直接购买，例如根据广告直接购买则不受此限制。
a) The establishment of a cooling-off period is the only new intervention introduced to
protect purchasers of unit trusts. F
b) The sole(唯一的) aim of the new documentation is to provide information to purchasers
of unit trusts. F
c) The cooling-off period does not apply to sales of pensions. C
69 ， Most companies involved in manufacturing and heavy industry have to manage
environmental problems created by past activities, either of their own or a predecessors’（前任） making.In some cases, the practices that led to these are no longer acceptable. Much of the industrial Contamination（污染） of soil does not pose an immediate hazard（危害）, as long as the property（财产所有权） is left undisturbed. Contamination that is an immediate threat to people and the environment, such as contaminated ground water, has to be cleaned up in most countries as a matter of law, with the company responsible bearing the cost.
许多从事制造及重工行业的公司需要处理由过去的生产活动造成的环境问题，不论是由它们自己，还是由之前的企业遗留的。但是有些情况下，企业不再采取这一惯例做法了，因为只要土地产权不受干扰，许多工业生产对土壤的污染和危害并非那么直接明显。对人或环境产生直接危害而必须得到清理的污染，比如地下水污染，在大部分国家都会被写入法律，要求造成污染的公司承担治理污染的费用。<br>a) 在大部分国家，对环境产生长期和短期危害所发起的诉讼是不同的<br>b)可接受的惯例做法导致了环境问题<br>C)在对人产生直接危害，被污染的土地产权需要被干涉。
a) In most countries, litigation（诉讼，起诉）draws a distinction between long and short-term
hazards to environment.C
b) Acceptable practices have led to environmental problems.C
c) Contaminated land has to disturbed before it poses an immediate threat to people.F
（）
70, globalisation is causing a shift in the roles of government and business. Since the end of the Cold war the rivalry（竞争） between nations has assumed a predominantly 主要的 economic form. Foreign policy is increasingly subordinated to（从属于） commercial policy. Yet at the same time the joint interests of national governments and corporations are diverging（不同）. As corporations become more independent of their national roots, governments will have to attract foreign business investment to become globally competitive. However, because the population at large is unenthusiastic about globalisation, governments risk gaining business while losing votes.
全球化令政府和企业的角色发生变化。自冷战结束以来，各国之间的竞争已变为以经济竞争为主。外交政策日益从属于商业政策。同事，政府与企业的利益分道扬镳。由于企业越来越独立与本国，政府不得不吸引外资以维持全球竞争力。但是，由于一般民众对全球化不热心，政府正冒着或的商业利益而失去选票的风险。
a) Governments and corporations used to have more similar interests. T
b) The general public does not understand the advantages of competing at the global level.C
c) 各国之间的竞争比C
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